Culture & Heritage

Ancient History

There is no written history about the earlier settlement of People in Gojal valley. Different valleys and villages in Gojal was settled during different times and people from different areas. Most of the researchers are in view that during olden time the Kirghiz nomads were using the areas in upper Gojal as winter pastures and grazing land. It is said that later on when Wakhies migrated from Wakhan to this region the Kirghiz nomad left these areas. It is very difficult to say anything about when the Wakhies settled in Gojal. However, it is narrated that the earlier Wakhi migrated from Wakhan and settled in Ishkook (Chipursun) valley and later to Boiber areas. It is also narrated that when Hunza was under the Central Government of Gilgit the Ishkook settlement was very wealthy and regularly paying tax in terms of cattle and other dairy products to the Raja of Gilgit. As Hunza became an independent state during early 15th century so it means that different valleys in upper Gojal was settled before this date. Later a catastrophic flood destroyed the Ishkook settlement during 18th century. 

It is commonly believed that the first settler in Avgarch valley is the legendary Baba Sufi who came from Afghanistan traveling along the Amu Daria (or Oxus) River. He is said to first have settled in Sost, but soon moved to the more secluded and secure Boiber Valley where he made Avgarch his permanent home. As the population grew, people spread out and moved down to Galapan, Gircha, Sartiz, Jamalabad, Morkhun, Nazimabad and Sost, all of which comprise the Avgarch valley.  The local people affiliates a old house in Sost with the Raja of Gilgit Thra Khan (1310) which was preserved by AKCSP. If this old house is really of the time of Raja Thra Khan then this house is older than that of the creation of Hunza state and is older than Altit and Baltit forts.

Chapursan’s history is marked by a remarkable amount of local myths and legends. The valley is said to be resettled many time due to floods. The valley now comprised of different villages from Yarzrich to Zood Khun. Raminj is a Burusho village while others are Wakhies. The valley is populated by the migrants from Wakhan and people who recently migrated from Gulmit, Passu, Ghulkin and Hussaini. 

Passu was first inhibited by "Quli" from Wakhan. According to local elders, the old Passu was once home to some 300 households. Due to Shimshal flood and continuous erosion from river side the old Passu settlement destroyed forcing the population to leave and to migrate back to their places of origin in Central Asia. Later, Passu was resettled by a man named Quli, who is today generally recognized as the ancestor of the majority of Passu’s population. Due to this reference the people of Passu is still called Quili kuts. People from Quli kuts (tribe) is also inhibited in Karimabad, Murtazaabad and many other villages in Central Hunza. The Quli kuts in Central Hunza later adopted the Burushu way of life and now speak Burushaski language.

According to oral traditions, like Passu, Hussaini village has been settled twice. It is said that the first people who settled in Hussaini were called Ghosanos. According to this theory Hussaini is modified from Ghusani. The origin of the Ghosano is not exactly known, however, some elders narrate that these people were the descendents of the Warshighoom state, called Mehtarjaos (the princes but not legitimate to share in the governance). It is said that these people were having very close relations with the people of  neighboring village  Passu and celebrating major events collectively. The elders narrate that during such an event in Hussaini people from both villages started fighting. Most of Ghusanos were killed while some of them ran away downstream with the Hunza River. Raja of Gilgit arrested Sirang Momad and his son Sirang Qmut from Passu and gave shelter to Gusanos. The people from Ghosani left the village, and the ruler of Gilgit settled them some where around Gilgit. Thus the Ghusanos was dislocated from their land.  It is said that a prince named Musofir ran away with his brother Majower from Ptukh Wakhan (presently in Afghanistan) due to defeat in tug of war for throne of the state. Their elder brother was crown prince. He was unhappy with his brothers due to his position. The younger brothers were always scared of the elder brother because he could kill them to save his throne. One day both of the brothers left the sate and Majower escaped to Ishkomen valley (Presently in the Ghizer district of the Northern Areas), and Musofir came to Hussaini and settled there. 

There is no clue about the earlier settlement in Gulmit village. It is also said that Gulmit was populated during the reign of Raja of Gilgit Mir Malik Thrakhani.  It is said that Raja Mir Malik during the life of his father Su Malik settled in Gulmit and constructed a mosque which was known as Masjid Mir Malik. According to this theory it is said that when Hunza and Nagar Principalities were divided between Girghis and Maghlote (twin prince from Gilgit), at that time Mir Malik while coming back from Ishkook decided to settle down in Gulmit. It means that before that Gulmit was already inhibited.  According to another theory it is said that during the reign of Ayasho II (1540s) 2 person Khawaja Arab and Rozdar from Nagar and a person Budul from Chaprot Nagar settled down in Gulmit.  However, it is not true that all the main clans settled in Gulmit during same time. Different tribes migrated and settled in Gulmit during different time period. The distribution of land among different tribes can give real indications. Gulmit has the largest Wakhi population however, it is narrated that all the major clans in Gulmit migrated from Nagar, Ganish and Chaprot. It may not possible that within a short period of time these people adopted the Wakhi way of life and language under the influence of a minority Wakhi people settled in surrounding villages. Gulmit since olden times occupies an influential position as compare to surrounding villages in Gojal valley.  It is therefore rationale to say that the people who for the first time settled in Gulmit were from Wakhi ethnic group whether they migrated from Chipursun border or from Ishkoman border. In Gulmit the decendents of Budul is called Budul kotor and Rozdor as Rozdor Kotor. The decendents of Khawaja Arab is divided in two sub tribes Chorshimbi Kutor and Bori Kutor while it is said that the descendents of another brother Mahmood perished due to mass killing of their family by Mir of Hunza. Later a person from Ishkomen settled in Gulmit whose tribe is now called "Hari Kutor". A Kirghiz from Riskeem also settled in Gulmit whose tribe is now called 'Mir Gul Kutor'.

It is said that a Burusho from Central Hunza Bu Singh was the first who with the permission of Mir of Hunza constructed the first irrigation channel in Ghulkin. The name is derived from two words of Wakhi dialect, 'Ghulk', meaning 'well' and 'kin', meaning 'whose'. It is said that Bu Singh married more than one time. One wife was from the Bakhthi kutor tribe of Shimshal so the decedents  are now called Bakhthi kutor in Ghulkin.  One wife was from Dhiramthing tribe of central Hunza whose decendents are called Dhiramthing. The 3rd wife was from Khoru kuts tribe of Hunza so called Khuru kutz. It is also said that the foster brother of Ayasho I, Khawaja Ahmed was also allotted land in Ghulkin and his decendet is called Khuru kutz. Another person Mamo Singh son of Mayor from Altit also settled in Ghulkin who is the ancesstor of Nakhchira.

Khyber’s original name was Jakemal. The name Khyber stems probably from a comparison between the famous ‘undefeatable’ Khyber Fort from the tales of conqueror Hazarat Ali, and Jakemal’s location in a narrow gorge, surrounded by hazardous cliffs, making it in people’s minds equally ‘unconquerable’. Today Khyber is the home of both Wakhi and Burusho people. It is said that the earlier settler in Khyber was from Gulmit who later on left the area and occupied by other settlers.

The first settlers to the remote valley of Shimshal are estimated to have arrived some 400 - 500 years ago. At that time Shimshal was under the rule of the Mir of Hunza who sent criminals and society outcasts to Shimshal for punishment. According to oral traditions Mamu Singh was sent to the Wakhan to find a new ruler for Hunza due to murder of Girgiz (sahib Khan),  by his brother Maghlot (Jamsheed Khan of Nagar). Mamu Singh did not find a ruler, but instead fell in love with a girl. After his return to Hunza he begged his father, the Wazir, to let him go back to the Wakhan and marry the girl, but his wish was refused. Finally he could not bear it any longer, returned to the Wakhan and married the girl. The young couple, as they could not go back to Hunza, settled in Avgarch. But the area was not safe and often raided by Kyrgyz, so Mamu Singh decided to look for a better place. One day, he climbed Qarun Pass and from the top looked down and saw a lush valley—Shimshal! Slowly, he and his wife moved up the valley and near today’s village of Shimshal, Mamu Singh discovered a spring, an old water channel and a small hut. People have lived here before. So Mamu Singh settled there. Later, the couple was blessed with a son, named Sher. Sher grew to become a strong young man. On a hunting trip, he discovered a flat grassy area—Pamir. However, Kyrgyz had settled in Pamir and claimed it as their land, but Sher saw it as his own property. Sher and the Kyrgyz decided to resolve the conflict with a polo game. Sher had no horse, so he had to play on a yak against the Kyrgyz on their fast horses. Nevertheless, Sher won the polo game, the intruders left and since then, the pastures beyond Shimshal Pass belong to the people of Shimshal.

Misgar marked the last outpost of the British empire and served as a busy dispatching and telegraph station and worked as last post between Hunza and China through Mintika and kilik Passes.  Today, remnants of the Silk Route and the British occupation can still be seen, making Misgar a historically fascinating place. Today the Misgar’s population is Burusho. Until the mid nineteenth century Misgar, originally a Wakhi settlement was periodically inhabited and raided by Kyrgyz nomads coming from the Wakhan. The Mir of Hunza, having an interest to secure the territory leading to Afghanistan and China ordered a few of his man to drive out any intruders and to permanently settle in Misgar. According to oral traditions the present era of the valley’s history began in 1844 during the reign of Mir Ghazan Khan I when he forced twenty-three men from Hunza to went up to Mintaka to secure the territory and  settle there.  Long before that, however, the area was known to the travelers and traders of the Silk Route and later, during the British occupation Misgar became an important outpost. Mir Ghazan Khan-I also settled people from Central Hunza to Khudaabad during his reign.

The last settlements in Gojal occurred during the reign of Mir Nazim Khan (1892-1931). During this period The barren lands in Shishkat was settled with Burushu from Central Hunza in 1903. Shishkat is thus also called as Nazimabad I. During same period the barren lands in Upper Sost was also inhibited by the people from Central Hunza which is called Nazimabad II. Raminj was also settled down during his reigh.

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